Millions of nanoflares occur every second across the Sun, and together they pack a real wallop,” he said. “Although puny by solar standards, each one is the equivalent of a 50-megaton hydrogen bomb, the largest ever detonated on Earth. The answer, as Klimchuk explained in a 2015 press release, lies in the large number of nanoflares that occur on the solar surface. So, how could they possibly be responsible for heating - much less maintaining - the Sun’s coronal temperature of several million kelvins? Strength in numbersĬompared to the powerful solar flares you’re familiar with, nanoflares are weak. “These are exciting results that add to the growing evidence that nanoflares play an important role in heating the solar corona to its multi-million degree temperatures,” James Klimchuk, an astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center who is not involved in the NCRA research, tells Astronomy.

Mondal and his team saw emissions similar to those seen in the 2017 study, but at a time when the entire Sun was quiet, increasing the likelihood that nanoflares are the best explanation for the hot corona. They posited that instead, nanoflares had heated the region they observed to more than 10 million kelvins. In their study, the FOXI team had observed an extremely hot region of the corona that wasn’t associated with any normal, full-sized flares. In 2017, scientists using the Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI) published a paper in Nature Astronomy presenting evidence that nanoflares might be the cause of the Sun’s high coronal temperature. “However, since the corona is always hot, a mechanism is necessary which shall continuously dump energy into the corona and is present everywhere.” “Powerful flares, although dump a significant amount of energy,” occur less frequently and are associated with localized regions on the Sun, where its magnetic field is strong, Surajit Mondal, the lead author of the study, tells Astronomy. Looking at the inactive Sun is important because the corona’s constantly high temperature suggests that the extreme heating is not due to larger intermittent flares, which are the type usually studied by astronomers. Once they were sure that there were no powerful solar flares occurring on either the near or far side of the Sun, they took 70 minutes of data at four distinct frequencies.ĭuring this time, the array captured weak emissions on the quiet Sun - the first observational radio evidence of nanoflares. The team made the detection by studying the Sun with a radio telescope called the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). They spotted the weakest radio emissions detected yet from our star on a day when the Sun was not flaring - hinting that random, ubiquitous nanoflares indeed exist, and they could explain why the corona is so hot. But while researchers have proposed the existence of nanoflares for some time, it’s been difficult to detect them with current technology.īut now, in a study published June 1 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, researchers from the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) in India have discovered fresh evidence for nanoflares. One possible mechanism is nanoflares: tiny explosions on the solar surface that randomly occur and rapidly dissipate.

To explain this cosmic conundrum, astronomers have long theorized that some unknown mechanism must be vigorously heating the corona. On the Sun however, the reverse occurs: its outermost layer, the corona, is nearly 500 times hotter than the underlying layer, the photosphere. Within Earth’s atmosphere, temperatures drop with increasing altitude.

Sun corona solar flares